Botanical Name: Rosmarinus officinalis Common name: Rosemary Read More
Botanical Name: |
Rosmarinus officinalis |
Common name: |
Rosemary |
Plant family: |
Lamiaceae |
Genus: |
Rosmarinus |
Appearance/Color: |
A thin, clear, colourless to pale yellow liquid. |
Odor: |
A top note with a strong aroma, Rosemary has a fresh, strong, woody and herbal scent. |
Blends With: |
Basil, Bergamot, Cedarwood, Frankincens, Ginger, Lemon, Orange and, Peppermint. |
Origin: |
Spain |
Source: |
Leaves |
Method of Extraction: |
Steam Distillation |
Rosmarinus officinalis, also known as rosemary, is an aromatic plant which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Mediterranean region. Rosemary essential oil is produced by steam distillation from the flowering tips of the plant yielding a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a strong, warm, woody, balsamic aroma.
Rosemary is an evergreen, usually erect, bushy shrub up to 2 m tall and wide. Stem indistinctly quadrangular, finely grey pubescent. Leaves opposite, tufted on the branches, sessile to short petiolate; blade linear, 1-5 cm x 1-2 mm, base attenuate, margin entire but revolute, apex obtuse, leathery, dark glossy sea-green and subglabrous above, white-felted tomentose beneath, aromatically fragrant when crushed. Inflorescence racemose, axillary, 5- to 10-flowered, 0.5-2.5 cm long, terminating short lateral branches; pedicel 2-5 mm long; calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, 5-6 mm long, densely stellate tomentose, upper lip small and 3-dentate, lower lip 2-lobed; corolla tubular, 2-lipped,10-13 mm long, pale blue or blue (seldom white), upper lip erect or recurved, 2-lobed, ovate, about 4 mm long, lower lip 3-lobed, about 7 mm long, with large concave middle lobe; 2 anterior stamens perfect, 7-8 mm long, ascending under the base of the upper lip, 2 posterior stamens reduced to hardly visible staminodes; pistil with deeply 4-partite ovary, style incurved, 1.5 cm long ending into 2 short, unequal branches with stigma. Fruit composed of 4 sub-globose to obovoid nutlets, about 2 mm long, glabrous and smooth.
Rosemary is widely cultivated for culinary and medicinal use. It is used in a wide variety of dishes, including as a meat seasoning (lamb, poultry), to add flavor to soups and vegetables, and in fruit salads, dressings, and stuffings. As reflected by the name officinalis, it is known as a medicinal herb, with a long history of use in the West, including nervous system ailments. Queen Isabella of Hungary in the fourteenth century used rosemary to treat gout and rosemary has been burned in sick rooms as a disinfectant. Its aromatic properties are used to scent cosmetics.
Rosemary oil in Pharma
Rosemary has been used medicinal for long time. Hungary water, an alcohol-based perfume involving distilled fresh rosemary, was traditionally believed to have been first prepared for the Queen of Hungary in the fourteenth century to "renovate vitality of paralyzed limbs" and to treat gout. It was used externally and prepared by mixing fresh rosemary tops into spirits of wine or brandy. It has been used to ward off the plague and burned in sick rooms as a disinfectant.
Long used medicinally in the West, and called a "sovereign balm' by seventeenth-century herbalist Nicholas Culpeper, it has been used as a circulatory stimulant (treatment of blood pressure problems), antibacterial and antifungal oil, digestive stimulant, liver tonic, reduction of excessive menstrual flow, and is said to have cancer-inhibiting effects.
Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory and has been used as a symbol for remembrance (during weddings, war commemorations, and funerals) in Europe. Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. Greek scholars would wear some of the pungent herb in their hair during study to increase concentration.
Rosemary contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol. The results of a study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's
Essence of Rosemary Oil
Rosemary essential oil is often an ingredient in bath salts, bath oils, liniments, gels and ointments. It can also be found in cosmetic products such as lavender water, cologne water and as fragrance in soaps. The essential oil of rosemary is widely used for hair care as it nourishes the hair, promotes hair growth and helps against dandruff. It is also recommended in hair-loss treatment as it is believed that it has similar function to Minoxidil, an antihypertensive vasodilator medication, which revitalizes hair follicles that are damaged. Rosemary oil widens blood vessels and opens them and makes blood and nutrients more available to the follicles which are then stimulated into producing new hair. In 2015, one study conducted on patients with pattern hair loss (androgenic alopecia) compared the effectiveness of rosemary oil vs. 2% Minoxidil in the treatment of adrogenic alopecia. It was discovered that rosemary oil was as effective as 2% Minoxidil and that patients in the rosemary group experienced less side effects compared to patients in the Minoxidil group.
COMMON USAGE
· Aids in digestion
· Hair care
· Improves oral health
· Skin care
· Improves cognitive function
· Relieves stress
· Boosts immune system
· Relieves pain
· Removes bad odor
· Prevents STDs
· Treats respiratory problems
Ingredients:
S.No |
Key Constituents |
Strength (%) |
1 |
a-pinene |
24.0-28.5 |
2 |
Bornyl acetate |
11.5-14.3 |
3 |
1,8-cineole |
6.8-13.6 |
4 |
Camphor |
9.9-10.4 |
5 |
borneol |
5.0-8.4 |
6 |
Camphene |
5.9-7.0 |
7 |
Verbenone |
4.3-5.7 |
8 |
(P)-Limonene |
4.1-4.6 |
9 |
b-pinene |
2.2-2.9 |
10 |
b-myrcene |
1.7-2.4 |
11 |
p-cymene |
1.1-2.4 |
12 |
Linalool |
1.4-2.1 |
13 |
Terpinen-4-ol |
0.7-1.4 |
14 |
1-octen-3-ol |
0.8-1.2 |
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Safety Summary
· Hazards May be neurotoxic, based on camphor content
· Contraindications Do not apply to or near the face of infants or children.
Organ Specific Effects
· Adverse skin reactions: Undiluted rosemary oil was moderately irritating to rabbits; tested at 10% on 25 volunteers it was neither irritating nor sensitizing; it is non-phototoxic. In a study of 200 consecutive dermatitis patients, none were sensitive to 2% rosemary oil on patch testing.
· Cardiovascular effects: In normal rabbits, 25 mg/kg im rosemary oil produced 20–55% increases in plasma glucose levels after 60–120 minutes, and a 30% decrease in serum insulin levels. Despite being contraindicated for people with high blood pressure in several aromatherapy books there is no evidence that rosemary oil is hypertensive.
· Reproductive toxicity: The low reproductive toxicity of camphor, 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, b-myrcene and (þ)-limonene suggest that most rosemary oils are not hazardous in pregnancy. However, bornyl acetate and verbenone have not been studied.
Systemic Effects
· Acute toxicity: Rosemary oil acute oral LD50 in rats 5 mL/kg; acute dermal LD50 in rabbits >10 mL/kg. Rosemary oil was not significantly cytotoxic to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Camphor is potentially neurotoxic and may be more toxic in humans than in rodents. Camphor minimum LD50 is1.7 g/kg in rats. 1,8-Cineole has been reported to cause serious poisoning in young children when accidentally instilled into the nose.
· Antioxidant/ pro-oxidant activity: Rosemary oil showed high antioxidant activity as a DPPH radical scavenger and against lipid peroxidation. A rosemary oil showed high antioxidant activity in the same two assays.
· Carcinogenic/anticarcinogenic potential: Orally administered rosemary oil was hepatoprotective in rats and antimutagenic in Swiss mice. The antimutagenic dose of 1,100 mg/kg/day for seven days prevented the formation of micronuclei. In a similar study, there was a significant increase in micronuclei in Swiss mice given a single dose of 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, but there was no genotoxicity in a group on 300 mg/kg. However, a comet assay found all three doses to be genotoxic. Rosemary oil induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
· Drug interactions: Given to male rats in their diet at 0.5% for two weeks, rosemary oil selectively induced CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 in rat liver. This high-dose regimen does not suggest a significant risk of drug interaction.
· Serious eye damage / irritation No additional Data available.
· Respiratory or skin sensitization No additional data available.
· Germ Cell Mutagenicity No additional data available.
· Reproductive toxicity No additional data available.
· STOT-single exposure No additional data available.
· STOT-repeated exposure No additional data available.
· Aspiration hazard: No additional data available.
· Photo-toxicity: No additional data available.
ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
· Ecotoxicity: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. The product must not be allowed to run into drains or waterways.
· Bioaccumulation: No data available
· Mobility in soil: No data available
· Persistence and degradability: No data available
· PBT and vPvB assessment: No data available
Avoid direct exposure into water streams and ground water sources.