Fennel Oil

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Product Details

Botanical Name:	Foeniculum vulgare
Common name:	Moti saunf, Saunf, Fennel, Sweet fennel, Florence fennel, Finocchio
Plant family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Foeniculum
Appearance/Color:	Clear to pale yellow liquid.
Odor:	A top note with a medium aroma, Fennel Sweet Essential Oil has a similar to that of black licorice.
Blends With:	Bergamot, Lavender, Frankincense and Rose.
Origin:	Hungry
Source:	Seed
Method of Extraction:	Steam Distillation

Foeniculum vulgare, called common fennel, is an upright, branching perennial that is typically grown in vegetable and herb gardens for its anise-flavored foliage and seeds, both of which are commonly harvested for use in cooking. It somewhat resembles a very large dill plant. It grows to 3-5’ (less frequently to 6’) tall and features feathery, compound, aromatic, yellow-green leaves with needle-like segments and tiny yellow flowers in large, flattened, compound umbels. Flowers bloom in mid- to late summer, and are followed by aromatic seeds. Plants have escaped gardens and naturalized in many parts of North America. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies. Fennel is a larval plant for certain swallowtail butterflies.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. is a biennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferaceae). It is a hardy, perennial–umbelliferous herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It grows to a height of up to 2.5 m with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40 cm long; they are finely dissected with the ultimate segments filiform (thread like) of about 0.5 mm wide. The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels. The fruit is a dry seed 4–10 mm long. It is generally considered indigenous to the shores of Mediterranean Sea but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world especially on dry soils near the sea coast and on the river banks. Some authors distinguish two sub-species of fennel, piperitum and vulgare: sub-species piperitum has bitter seeds, while sub-species vulgare has sweet seeds which are used as flavoring agents in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice creams, alcoholic beverages etc, due to their characteristic anise odor. Morphological differences between these two sub-species are not always clearly defined.

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) commonly known as fennel is a well-known and important medicinal and aromatic plant widely used as carminative, digestive, lactogogue and diuretic and in treating respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Its seeds are used as flavorings in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice cream, alcoholic beverages and herb mixtures.

Fennel Sweet Essential Oil in Pharma

Fennel has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases for thousands of years in the East Asian countries, India and China. People have long been familiar with fennel plant. In the middle ages people believed that chewing the seeds is important to eliminate abdomen noise. In the fifth century it was believed that fennel had sedative effect and in 9th to 14th centuries numerous therapeutic properties were attributed to it. The Romans believed that fennel seed could help supercharge the vision. The English believed that the plant could offer relief from bloating stomach and facilitate digestion. The fennel therapeutic use has been serious since the 18th century, and many studies have been taken. Nowadays, the different parts of the plant are used in treatment of many diseases, particularly pain in the digestive system. Also, it is very useful in the treatment of diabetes, bronchitis, chronic cough and kidney stones

Essence of Fennel Sweet Essential Oil

It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses. Fennel seeds are anise like in aroma and are used as flavorings in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice cream, alcoholic beverages and herb mixtures. The bulb, foliage and seeds of the fennel plant are widely used in many of the culinary traditions of the world. Dried fennel seed is an aromatic, anise-flavored spice, brown or green in color when fresh, slowly turning a dull grey as the seed ages. For cooking green seeds are the best. The bulb is a crisp, hardy root vegetable and may be sautéed, stewed, braised, grilled or eaten raw. Fennel features predominantly in Mediterranean cuisine, where bulbs and fronds are used, both raw and cooked, in side dishes, salads, pastas, vegetable dishes. Many cultures in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East use fennel seeds in their cooking. Fennel is one of the most important spices in Kashmiri Pandit and Gujarati cooking.

COMMON USAGE

· Heals wounds

· Relieves spasma

· Smoothens bowel movements

· Carminative

· Kills worms

· Stimulates urination

· Emmenagogue

· Promotes lactation

· Laxative

· Acts as stimulant

· Keeps stomach healthy

· Healthy spleen

· Tonic effect

· Purifies the blood

· Treats chronic cough

· Antibacterial and Antifungal

· Anti-inflammatory

Ingredients:

S. No	Key Constituents	Strength (%)
1	(E)-anethole	18.1-32.5
2	(P)- limonene	0.2-21.0
3	fenchone	0.2-8.0
4	Estragole	1.1-4.8
5	a-pinene	0.1-3.4
6	a-phellandrene	21.2-33.8
7	(z)-anethole	0.7

TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Safety Summary

· Hazards Drug interaction; reproductive hormone modulation; potentially carcinogenic, based on estragole content; may inhibit blood clotting; skin sensitization if oxidized.

· Contraindications (all routes): Pregnancy, breastfeeding, endometriosis, estrogen-dependent cancers, children under five years of age.

· Cautions (oral): Diabetes medication, anticoagulant medication, major surgery, peptic ulcer, hemophilia, other bleeding disorders.

· Maximum adult daily oral dose 54 mg

Organ-specific effects

· Adverse skin reactions: Undiluted bitter fennel oil was nonphototoxic in hairless mice and swine. The undiluted oil was irritating to rabbits, but was not irritating to mice or pigs; tested at 4% on two panels of 25 volunteers it was not irritating

· Cardiovascular effects: (E)-anethole inhibits platelet aggregation an essential step in the blood clotting cascade. Sweet fennel oil reduced blood glucose levels in both normal and alloxan-diabetic rats following sc injection at 21.5 mg/kg.

· Hepatotoxicity: (E)-Anethole has a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity which is due to a metabolite, anethole 10,20-epoxide (AE) and different amounts of AE are produced in different species. High doses of (E)-anethole or AE deplete glutathione but sweet fennel oil, which has a very similar composition to bitter fennel, significantly induced glutathione S-transferase activity in mouse tissues. The amounts of (E)-anethole-rich essential oils used in aromatherapy pose no risk to humans.

Systemic effects

· Acute toxicity: Bitter fennel acute oral LD50 in rats 4.52 mL/kg; acute dermal LD50 in rabbits >5 g/kg.

· Carcinogenic/anticarcinogenic potential: No information found for bitter fennel oil. Estragole is a rodent carcinogen

· Serious eye damage / irritation: Not classified.

· Germ Cell Mutagenicity: Not classified.

· Carcinogenicity: Not classified.

· Reproductive toxicity: Not classified.

· STOT-single exposure: Not classified.

· STOT-repeated exposure: Not classified.

· Aspiration hazard: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.

· Photo-toxicity: No additional data available.

ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION